Technology Of Lubrication & Lubricants, Crude Oil Processing, Catalysts In Petroleum Refining And Petrochemical Processes With Mineral Turpentine Oil

Technology of Lubrication & Lubricants, Crude Oil Processing, Catalysts in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processes with Mineral Turpentine Oil (Engineers India Research Institute, ISBN 9788193563755) covers the petroleum and petrochemical chain from crude assay through refining and catalysis to polymers, with four costed project profiles.

Lubrication sections cover the functions of lubricants, lubrication principles, lubricant testing, and lubricants of mineral and synthetic origin. Crude oil sections cover the composition of crude across paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics, non-hydrocarbon sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and metallic compounds, and the assay parameters that set crude value: density, specific gravity and API gravity, salt content, sulfur content, pour point and ash content. Processing sections cover physical separation by atmospheric and vacuum distillation, absorption, adsorption and solvent extraction, thermal conversion through delayed coking, fluid coking, thermal cracking and visbreaking, and catalytic conversion through reforming with reformer feeds, catalysts and reaction chemistry.

Petrochemical sections work systematically through the derivative tree. Coverage runs from methane-based chemicals including synthesis gas, ammonia, nitric acid, hydrazine, methanol, carbon disulfide, hydrogen cyanide and chloromethanes; through ethane, propane, butane, isobutane and naphtha-based chemicals and high molecular weight paraffin oxidation and chlorination; to ethylene derivatives including ethylene oxide, glycols, ethoxylates, ethanolamines, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, vinyl chloride and linear alcohols; propylene derivatives including acrolein, acrylonitrile, adiponitrile, propylene oxide and glycol, isopropanol and acetone; C4 olefins and diolefins; and benzene, toluene and xylene chemistry including caprolactam, phenol and terephthalic acid.

Polymer sections cover thermoplastics and engineering resins, thermosets, synthetic rubbers and synthetic fibres with properties and uses for each. A dedicated catalysis section covers homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, morphology and activity, cracking, reforming and hydrotreating catalysts, petrochemical and synthesis gas catalysts, hydrogenation, oxidation and polymerisation catalysts, and recent advances. Closing sections cover petrochemical industry outlook, integrated complexes, feedstock trends, and plant economics for mineral turpentine oil, lubricating oil, oil re-refining and crude oil refining.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does the Technology of Lubrication, Crude Oil Processing and Catalysts handbook cover?

Technology of Lubrication & Lubricants, Crude Oil Processing, Catalysts in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processes with Mineral Turpentine Oil (EIRI, ISBN 9788193563755) covers petroleum refining through to petrochemical end products. Its main divisions are: lubrication principles, lubricant types and testing; crude oil composition and assay parameters; physical separation, thermal conversion and catalytic conversion processes; petrochemical building blocks from methane, ethane, propane, butane and naphtha; ethylene, propylene, C4 and aromatic derivative chemicals; synthetic polymers, rubbers and fibres; catalysts for refining and petrochemical processes; industry outlook and feedstock trends; and four plant economics profiles covering mineral turpentine oil, lubricating oil, oil re-refining and crude oil refining.

Who is this petroleum and petrochemical technology handbook written for?

This handbook is written for readers who need the refining and petrochemical picture in one reference. Its intended audience includes refinery and petrochemical process engineers, lubricant blending and re-refining unit technical staff, catalyst selection and technical service personnel, polymer and chemical producers tracing their feedstock back upstream, procurement and planning staff who need to understand crude assay and product slate, students of chemical and petroleum engineering, technical libraries, and entrepreneurs or consultants preparing project reports for a mineral turpentine oil, lubricating oil, re-refining or refining unit.

What project economics does the book include, and who are they suited to?

Four project profiles give economics, each covering plant and machinery, fixed capital, raw materials, monthly working capital, total capital investment and annual turnover. The projects are: mineral turpentine oil; lubricating oil in a 20W40 SN-type grade; an oil re-refining unit; and crude oil refining. The first three are the practical entry points. Mineral turpentine oil serves paints, coatings and cleaning as a solvent with steady industrial demand. Lubricating oil blending is largely mixing base oil with an additive package, so plant cost is moderate and a unit can supply workshops, fleets and private label customers. Oil re-refining recovers base oil from a waste stream and suits operators able to organise used oil collection, which is usually the deciding factor rather than the processing itself. The crude refining profile serves as a reference for scale and process configuration rather than as a small-business proposition.

What does the book cover on crude oil composition and processing?

Crude assay is covered as the foundation for everything downstream. Composition content covers hydrocarbon classes including alkanes or paraffins, cycloparaffins or naphthenes and aromatics, and non-hydrocarbon constituents including acidic and non-acidic sulfur compounds, basic and non-basic nitrogen compounds, acidic and non-acidic oxygen compounds and metallic compounds, each of which affects processing route and catalyst life. Assay parameters covered are density, specific gravity and API gravity, salt content, sulfur content, pour point and ash content. Processing content then covers physical separation by atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, absorption, adsorption and solvent extraction; thermal conversion by delayed coking, fluid coking, thermal cracking and visbreaking; and catalytic reforming with reformer feeds, catalyst selection and reforming reaction chemistry.

What petrochemical building blocks and derivative chemicals does the book cover?

The derivative tree is covered feedstock by feedstock, which makes the book useful for tracing any petrochemical back to its source. Methane-based content covers direct reactions giving carbon disulfide, hydrogen cyanide and chloromethanes, and synthesis gas routes giving ammonia, nitric acid, hydrazine, methanol, methyl chloride, acetic acid, methyl tertiary butyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, methylamines and ethylene glycol. Paraffin content covers ethane, propane with oxidation and nitration to nitroparaffins, n-butane giving acetic acid, acetaldehyde and maleic anhydride, isobutane, naphtha, and high molecular weight n-paraffins giving fatty acids, fatty alcohols and chloroparaffins. Olefin content covers ethylene oxidation and its oxide derivatives, chlorination to vinyl chloride, oxidative carbonylation and linear alcohols; propylene oxidation to acrolein, ammoxidation to acrylonitrile, adiponitrile, propylene oxide and glycol, allyl alcohol and chloride, hydration to isopropanol and acetone production; and C4 olefins and diolefins. Aromatic content covers benzene, toluene oxidation, chlorination, nitration and carbonylation, caprolactam, phenol and terephthalic acid.

Does the book cover synthetic polymers, rubbers and fibres?

Yes, with properties and uses given for each family. Thermoplastic and engineering resin content covers low density, high density and linear low density polyethylene, polypropylene and its copolymers, polyvinyl chloride, styrene polymers, nylon resins, thermoplastic polyesters, polycarbonates, aromatic polyether sulfones, polyphenylene oxide and polyacetals. Thermoset content covers polyurethanes, epoxy resins, unsaturated polyesters, phenol-formaldehyde resins, urea-formaldehyde and urea-melamine aminoplasts, and polycyanurates. Synthetic rubber content covers polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, butyl rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, transpolypentenamer and thermoplastic elastomers. Synthetic fibre content covers polyester fibres with polyethylene terephthalate production, the nylon family, acrylic and modacrylic fibres, carbon and graphite fibres and polypropylene fibres.

What does the book cover on catalysts in refining and petrochemicals?

Catalysis is treated as a subject in its own right, which is unusual in a general refining reference and useful because catalyst choice governs yield and run length. Fundamentals covered include homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts and the relationship between catalyst morphology and activity. Refining catalysts covered are cracking, reforming and hydrotreating catalysts. Petrochemical catalysts covered include synthesis gas catalysts, hydrogenation catalysts, hydrocarbon oxidation catalysts and polymerisation catalysts. A further section covers recent advances including dual-function catalysts, super-active metal catalysts, supported Ziegler catalysts, advances in homogeneous catalysis and the role of polymers in catalysis.

How does this book relate to the companion lubricants volume?

The two are complementary and sit next to each other in the same series. This volume works upstream and across: crude oil composition and assay, refining and conversion processes, catalysts, the full petrochemical derivative tree, polymers and fibres, with project profiles for mineral turpentine oil, lubricating oil, re-refining and crude refining. The companion volume works downstream in depth on lubricants themselves: base oil production and hydrotreatment, lubricant additive synthesis, grease chemistry, and working formulations for lithium, calcium, sodium, silicone, PTFE, food grade, high temperature and long life greases, bio-based greases, rust prevention oils and wire drawing lubricants. Anyone blending or formulating will use the companion volume for formulae and this one for the feedstock, process and catalyst background behind them.