Modern Rubber Chemicals, Compounds And Rubber Goods Technology (Hand Book)

About This Book

Modern Rubber Chemicals, Compounds and Rubber Goods Technology Handbook (Engineers India Research Institute, ISBN 9788189765194) is a technical reference covering elastomers, compounding, processing and the manufacture of finished rubber goods.

Natural rubber sections cover latex tapping and recovery, coagulation, sheet and crepe processing, smoked sheet and pale crepe grades, technically specified rubber classification, and modified grades including oil extended, deproteinated, epoxidised, thermoplastic, depolymerised, powdered and peptised natural rubber, alongside guayule, gutta percha and balata. Structure, physical and technological properties, compounding with vulcanisation chemicals, activators, inhibitors, protective agents, fillers, softeners, resins, factices and process aids, and processing through mastication, mixing, extrusion, calendering and vulcanisation are covered in turn, followed by vulcanisate properties across mechanical, ageing, ozone, low temperature, compression set, swelling and electrical behaviour.

Synthetic elastomer sections follow the same structure for each polymer family: manufacture, structure and its influence on properties, compounding, processing, vulcanisate properties, uses and competitive products. Polymers covered include emulsion and solution styrene butadiene rubber with oil extended and carbon black masterbatch grades and styrenic block copolymers; polybutadiene across titanium, cobalt, nickel, neodymium and lithium catalyst routes; polychloroprene; synthetic polyisoprene; halogenated butyl copolymers; butyl rubber; nitrile rubber including carboxylated and hydrogenated grades; and specialty elastomers including acrylic, chlorinated and chlorosulphonated polyethylene, polynorbornene, polysulphide, polyphosphazene, propylene oxide and thermoplastic polyester and polyether amide elastomers.

Product technology sections cover latex products including dipped goods, elastomeric thread and latex foam by both continuous and moulded processes, footwear including microcellular soling and moulded boots, conveyor belting with carcass reinforcement, construction, strength calculation and splicing, transmission belts, hydraulic, automotive and industrial hose, cables, sports balls, rubber-to-metal bonding, rubber-covered rolls, sealing technology and pressure sensitive adhesive tape, closing with extensive test methods and waste recycling.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does the Modern Rubber Chemicals, Compounds and Rubber Goods Technology Handbook cover?

Modern Rubber Chemicals, Compounds and Rubber Goods Technology (EIRI, ISBN 9788189765194) covers rubber technology from raw polymer to finished product. Its main divisions are: natural rubber production, grades and properties; synthetic rubber fundamentals and polymerisation routes; the major synthetic elastomer families treated individually; specialty and novel elastomers; latex product manufacture and foam technology; plasticisers, factice and blowing agents; moulding and finishing of rubber components; compounding ingredients and compound design; product technologies including footwear, conveyor and transmission belts, hose, cable, sports goods, rolls, seals and adhesive tape; test methods across latex, raw polymer and vulcanisates; and recycling of rubber and plastic waste.

Who is this rubber technology handbook written for?

This handbook is written for readers working in rubber compounding and product manufacture rather than for general readers. Its intended audience includes rubber compounders and formulation technologists, product development and process engineers in tyre, belting, hose, footwear, cable and moulded goods factories, quality control and testing laboratory staff, technical service personnel selecting polymers for applications, students of polymer science and rubber technology, and technical libraries.

Is this a technical reference or a business start-up guide?

It is a technical reference. The book is organised around polymer chemistry, compounding practice, processing behaviour and product manufacture, and it does not include costed project profiles with land, machinery, capital investment and turnover figures. Readers whose primary requirement is project costing for a rubber products unit should look to a dedicated project profile publication. Readers who need to select an elastomer for an application, design a compound, diagnose a processing or vulcanisate property problem, or understand how a particular rubber product is built will find that the substance of this book.

Which elastomers does the book cover?

Coverage is polymer by polymer, with a consistent treatment of manufacture, structure-property relationships, compounding, processing and applications for each. Natural rubber and its modified grades are covered first, followed by styrene butadiene rubber in emulsion and solution forms, polybutadiene by catalyst system, polychloroprene, synthetic polyisoprene, butyl and halogenated butyl rubbers, and nitrile rubber including carboxylated and hydrogenated variants. Specialty elastomers covered include acrylic rubber, ethylene acrylate copolymers, chlorinated and chlorosulphonated polyethylene, polynorbornene, polysulphide rubber, trans polypentenamer and polyoctenamer, alkylene sulphide rubbers, crosslinkable polyethylene, polyphosphazene, propylene oxide rubber and thermoplastic polyester and polyether amide elastomers, each with a note on competitive materials.

What does the book cover on compounding and formulation?

Compounding is treated both polymer by polymer and as a discipline in its own right. The compound design section covers the objective of each ingredient class, relative rating of typical polymer vulcanisates, crosslinking system selection, ingredient compatibility through the solubility parameter concept, and experimental design across single, two and multi-ingredient variability, together with formulation records, weighing and mixing instructions, quality control and storage. Ingredient sections cover plasticisers and process aids across mineral oil, fatty acid, ester, ether and polymeric types, tackifiers, factice including oxygen, isocyanate and sulphur chloride types with selection guidance and property effects, and blowing agents across inorganic and organic types with a comparison of the principal chemical blowing agents.

Which rubber products does the book explain how to manufacture?

Product manufacture is covered by industry. Footwear content covers plimsolls, built-up, direct moulded and injection moulded constructions, microcellular soling at expanded, medium hard and hard grades, safety and antistatic footwear, compounding selection, a troubleshooting guide and finished product testing. Belting content covers conveyor belt carcass materials, constructions from multiply to steel cord, belt properties, selection, strength calculation, manufacture, vulcanisation and joining, alongside V-belt, raw edge and V-ribbed belt manufacture through rubber, cord and canvas processing, building, vulcanisation, cutting and grinding. Further sections cover hydraulic, automotive and industrial hose, polymer insulated cables including conductor forming, extrusion and curing processes, golf, tennis and squash ball manufacture, rubber-to-metal bonded components, rubber-covered rolls by industry, sealing technology and pressure sensitive adhesive tape.

Does the book cover latex products and foam manufacture?

Yes. Latex content covers production and testing of natural and synthetic latex concentrate, compounding principles including stabilisers, vulcanisation and anti-degradant systems, fillers, gelling systems and pigments, and dipped product manufacture by straight, coagulant and heat-sensitive dipping. Further sections cover nitrile latex as a specialty material, elastomeric thread production through compound preparation, extrusion, drying, vulcanisation and finishing, latex binders for carpet backing, rubberised hair and coir, board and nonwovens, latex adhesives, cement and bitumen mixes, films, tubing and casting. Foam content covers batch, continuous, Talalay and Dunlop processes, gelling agents and delayed-action gelling systems, polychloroprene latex foam formulations, gelling defects with remedial measures, and foam testing including indentation hardness, compression set, flexing and ageing, along with expandable graphite as a flame retardant for latex foam.

What test methods does the book include?

Testing is covered as a substantial section organised by material state. Latex testing covers density, total solids, dry rubber content, non-rubber solids, sludge, viscosity, surface tension, mechanical stability, potassium hydroxide and volatile fatty acid numbers, nitrogen, ash and metallic constituents, with bound styrene and acrylonitrile determination for synthetic latices. Raw rubber testing covers volatile matter, dirt, ash, solvent extract, nitrogen and metal content, shearing disc viscosity, rapid plasticity and plasticity retention index. Vulcanisate testing covers tensile stress-strain, tear resistance, ply separation, cut growth, hardness including curved surfaces, hysteresis loss, ozone and surface cracking, abrasion, oil swelling, heat and oxygen deterioration, rubber-to-metal bond strength, extraction methods, determination of polymer, sulphur, ash, zinc oxide and carbon black content, and electrical tests including surface resistivity, permittivity, power factor and electric strength.